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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion rules.html

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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion rules_chinese.html

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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion rules_simp.html

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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion src/rules.html
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Expand Up @@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ <h1>Rules for the Chinese Calendar</h1>

<p>Universal Time (UT) is a time standard based on Earth's rotation with respect to the Sun. There are several <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time#Versions" target="_blank">versions</a> of universal time. The most commonly used are UT1 and the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). UT1 is based on the orientation of a reference meridian<sup>[<a href="rules.html#TIO">fn2</a>]</sup> on Earth's surface relative to distant stars, and then use a simple transformation to obtain a time standard in accord with the mean <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_time" target="_blank">solar time</a>. The problem is that Earth's rotation is not uniform, which makes UT1 inconvenient for many applications. As a result, the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is introduced to approximate UT1.</p>

<p>UTC is defined by two components: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" target="_blank">International Atomic Time</a> (TAI) and UT1. TAI is a weighted average of the time kept by over 400 atomic clocks in over 50 national laboratories worldwide. Each second of in a TAI is a constant. UTC is defined to be TAI plus an integer number of seconds. The duration of one second in UTC is therefore exactly equal to one TAI second. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_second" target="_blank">Leap seconds</a> are added to ensure that the difference between UTC and UT1 is smaller than 0.9 seconds. Leap seconds are usually inserted to the last minute on June 30 at 23:59:59 UTC or on December 31 at 23:59:59 UTC of a year. In principle, a leap second can be positive or negative. The minute with a positive leap second has 61 seconds and the minute with a negative leap second has only 59 seconds. So far only positive leap seconds appear. As of today (October 2018), a total of 27 leap seconds have been inserted since the system of adjustment was implemented in 1972. The most recent leap second occurred on December 31, 2016 at 23:59:60 UTC. Thus, time in UTC is uniform, except for occasional "glitches" when leap seconds are added. These "glitches" cause some problems and there have been <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_second#Proposal_to_abolish_leap_seconds" target="_blank">discussions on the abolishment of leap seconds</a> since 2005.</p>
<p>UTC is defined by two components: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" target="_blank">International Atomic Time</a> (TAI) and UT1. TAI is a weighted average of the time kept by over 400 atomic clocks in over 50 national laboratories worldwide. Each second of in a TAI is a constant. UTC is defined to be TAI plus an integer number of seconds. The duration of one second in UTC is therefore exactly equal to one TAI second. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_second" target="_blank">Leap seconds</a> are added to ensure that the difference between UTC and UT1 is smaller than 0.9 seconds. Leap seconds are usually inserted to the last minute on June 30 at 23:59:59 UTC or on December 31 at 23:59:59 UTC of a year. In principle, a leap second can be positive or negative. The minute with a positive leap second has 61 seconds and the minute with a negative leap second has only 59 seconds. So far only positive leap seconds appear. As of today (January 2024), a total of 27 leap seconds have been inserted since the system of adjustment was implemented in 1972. The most recent leap second occurred on December 31, 2016 at 23:59:60 UTC. Thus, time in UTC is uniform, except for occasional "glitches" when leap seconds are added. These "glitches" cause some problems and there have been <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_second#Proposal_to_abolish_leap_seconds" target="_blank">discussions on the abolishment of leap seconds</a> since 2005.</p>

<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_time" target="_blank">Civil time</a> is related to UTC by a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC_offset" target="_blank">UTC offset</a>. A UTC offset is a multiple of 15 minutes, and the majority of offsets are in whole hours. As far as the Chinese calendar is concerned, the most important civil time is the China standard time, which is UTC+08:00, meaning that it is 8 hours ahead of UTC. This is the local time for the meridians of 120&deg; East.</p>
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4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions src/rules_chinese.html
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Expand Up @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ <h1>農 曆 編 算 法 則</h1>

<p>曆法是為了紀錄時間而制。在古代,有三個週期對人們日常生活很重要:晝夜交替的週期、月亮盈虧的週期和季節交替的週期。晝夜交替的平均時間是<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E6%97%A5" target="_blank">平太陽日</a>。月亮盈虧的週期是朔望月,其平均值是29.5306日。季節交替的週期是回歸年(古代稱「歲實」),可由兩冬至或兩春分的平均時間以定,其值為365.2422日<sup><a href="rules_chinese.html#tropicalYear">註一</a></sup>。「日」的概念緣自晝夜交替,「月」的概念緣自月亮盈虧,「年」或「歲」的概念緣自季節交替。</p>

<p>曆法要解決的其中一個重要問題是怎樣編排年月日。上述三個週期彼此之間的比例都不能約化成簡單分數,這使編制曆法頗為困難。其中一個辦法是不理會朔望月,只考慮回歸年,年和月按特定規律編排,使一年的平均週期近似回歸年,這樣的曆法稱為「太陽曆」,簡稱「陽曆」,公曆就是一種陽曆。另一個辦法是不理會回歸年,年和月按特定的規律編排,使一個月的平均週期接近朔望月,這樣的曆法稱為「太陰曆」,簡稱「陰曆」,伊斯蘭曆就是一種陰曆。第三個辦法是要同時兼顧朔望月和回歸年,年和月按特定的規律編排,使一個月的平均週期接近朔望月,一年的平均週期接近回歸年,這樣的曆法稱為「陰陽合曆」,簡稱「陰陽曆」,農曆就是一種陰陽曆。</p>
<p>曆法要解決的其中一個重要問題是怎樣編排年月日。上述三個週期彼此之間的比例都不能約化成簡單分數,這使編制曆法頗為困難。其中一個辦法是不理會朔望月,只考慮回歸年,年和月按特定規律編排,使一年的平均週期近似回歸年,這樣的曆法稱為「太陽曆」,簡稱「陽曆」,公曆(格里高里曆)就是一種陽曆。另一個辦法是不理會回歸年,年和月按特定的規律編排,使一個月的平均週期接近朔望月,這樣的曆法稱為「太陰曆」,簡稱「陰曆」,伊斯蘭曆就是一種陰曆。第三個辦法是要同時兼顧朔望月和回歸年,年和月按特定的規律編排,使一個月的平均週期接近朔望月,一年的平均週期接近回歸年,這樣的曆法稱為「陰陽合曆」,簡稱「陰陽曆」,農曆就是一種陰陽曆。</p>

<p>農曆規定把朔(即新月)落在的那一日定為某月初一。朔望月的平均值是29.5306日,所以農曆一個月可以有二十九日,稱為小月,也可以有三十日,稱為大月。月大月小是根據兩朔日之間的日數而定。回歸年的週期是365.2422日,是朔望月平均值的12.37倍,所以農曆一年一般有十二個月。為使農曆不偏離回歸年的週期,約每三年需有一個「閏月」,即一年有十三個月。</p>

Expand All @@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ <h1>農 曆 編 算 法 則</h1>

<p>世界時(UT)是根據地球自轉制定的時間。世界時有幾種不同版本,最常用的是UT1和協調世界時(UTC)。UT1是先根據地球上某一特定的經線<sup><a href="rules_chinese.html#TIO">註二</a></sup>相對於遙遠恆星的方位,再通過簡單變換得出符合平均太陽時的時間標準。地球自轉不均勻,所以UT1的時間也不均勻,這使UT1在應用上有所不便,於是人們創立協調世界時UTC來取代UT1。</p>

<p>協調世界時UTC是由<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%97%B6" target="_blank">國際原子時</a>TAI及UT1而定。國際原子時是根據遍布世界上超過五十個國家、超過四百臺原子鐘的時刻經過數據處理而定的時刻,由TAI所定的每一秒鐘都是均勻的。UTC則定為TAI加上整數秒,使之與UT1的偏差不超過0.9秒。所以UTC的一秒和TAI的一秒時間間隔完全一樣,當UTC與UT1的時刻相差快要超過0.9秒時,<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E9%97%B0%E7%A7%92" target="_blank">閏秒</a>便會加到UTC上,閏秒可正可負,正閏秒的一分鐘有六十一秒,負閏秒的一分鐘只有五十九秒。到目前(2022年10月)為止的閏秒全是正閏秒。閏秒法則從1972年實施,到目前(2018年10月)為止總共加了二十七個閏秒,上一次閏秒是在2016年12月31日23時59分60秒UTC。所以UTC在大多數的時候是均勻的,只是在加閏秒時會有一秒的突變,這些突變有時會造成混亂,所以有人自2005年起<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%97%B0%E7%A7%92#8" target="_blank">建議取消閏秒</a></p>
<p>協調世界時UTC是由<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%97%B6" target="_blank">國際原子時</a>TAI及UT1而定。國際原子時是根據遍布世界上超過五十個國家、超過四百臺原子鐘的時刻經過數據處理而定的時刻,由TAI所定的每一秒鐘都是均勻的。UTC則定為TAI加上整數秒,使之與UT1的偏差不超過0.9秒。所以UTC的一秒和TAI的一秒時間間隔完全一樣,當UTC與UT1的時刻相差快要超過0.9秒時,<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E9%97%B0%E7%A7%92" target="_blank">閏秒</a>便會加到UTC上,閏秒可正可負,正閏秒的一分鐘有六十一秒,負閏秒的一分鐘只有五十九秒。到目前(2024年1月)為止的閏秒全是正閏秒。閏秒法則從1972年實施,到目前為止總共加了二十七個閏秒,上一次閏秒是在2016年12月31日23時59分60秒UTC。所以UTC在大多數的時候是均勻的,只是在加閏秒時會有一秒的突變,這些突變有時會造成混亂,所以有人自2005年起<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%97%B0%E7%A7%92#8" target="_blank">建議取消閏秒</a></p>

<p><a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8C%BA%E6%97%B6" target="_blank">區時</a>定為與協調世界時UTC相差某個特定的時間,是世界各國採用的時間系統。現在中國各地採用的時間是東八區的區時,與UTC數字上相差八小時(例如東八區9:00相當於 UTC 1:00 ),一般以UTC+8表示,也稱為北京時間或中國標準時。現在的農曆就是以UTC+8為時間基礎。</p>

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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion src/rules_simp.html
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Expand Up @@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ <h1>农 历 编 算 法 则</h1>

<p>世界时(UT)是根据地球自转制定的时间。世界时有几种不同版本,最常用的是UT1和协调世界时(UTC)。UT1是先根据地球上某一特定的经线<sup><a href="rules_simp.html#TIO">注二</a></sup>相对于遥远恒星的方位,再通过简单变换得出符合平均太阳时的时间标准。地球自转不均匀,所以UT1的时间也不均匀,这使UT1在应用上有所不便,于是人们创立协调世界时UTC来取代UT1。</p>

<p>协调世界时UTC是由<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%97%B6" target="_blank">国际原子时</a>TAI及UT1而定。国际原子时是根据遍布世界上超过五十个国家、超过四百台原子钟的时刻经过数据处理而定的时刻,由TAI所定的每一秒钟都是均匀的。UTC则定为TAI加上整数秒,使之与UT1的偏差不超过0.9秒。所以UTC的一秒和TAI的一秒时间间隔完全一样,当UTC与UT1的时刻相差快要超过0.9秒时,<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%97%B0%E7%A7%92" target="_blank">闰秒</a>便会加到UTC上,闰秒可正可负,正闰秒的一分钟有六十一秒,负闰秒的一分钟只有五十九秒。到目前(2018年10月)为止的闰秒全是正闰秒。闰秒法则从1972年实施,到目前(2018年10月)为止总共加了二十七个闰秒,上一次闰秒是在2016年12月31日23时59分60秒UTC。所以UTC在大多数的时候是均匀的,只是在加闰秒时会有一秒的突变,这些突变有时会造成混乱,所以有人自2005年起<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%97%B0%E7%A7%92#8" target="_blank">建议取消闰秒</a></p>
<p>协调世界时UTC是由<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%97%B6" target="_blank">国际原子时</a>TAI及UT1而定。国际原子时是根据遍布世界上超过五十个国家、超过四百台原子钟的时刻经过数据处理而定的时刻,由TAI所定的每一秒钟都是均匀的。UTC则定为TAI加上整数秒,使之与UT1的偏差不超过0.9秒。所以UTC的一秒和TAI的一秒时间间隔完全一样,当UTC与UT1的时刻相差快要超过0.9秒时,<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%97%B0%E7%A7%92" target="_blank">闰秒</a>便会加到UTC上,闰秒可正可负,正闰秒的一分钟有六十一秒,负闰秒的一分钟只有五十九秒。到目前(2024年1月)为止的闰秒全是正闰秒。闰秒法则从1972年实施,到目前为止总共加了二十七个闰秒,上一次闰秒是在2016年12月31日23时59分60秒UTC。所以UTC在大多数的时候是均匀的,只是在加闰秒时会有一秒的突变,这些突变有时会造成混乱,所以有人自2005年起<a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%97%B0%E7%A7%92#8" target="_blank">建议取消闰秒</a></p>

<p><a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8C%BA%E6%97%B6" target="_blank">区时</a>定为与协调世界时UTC相差某个特定的时间,是世界各国采用的时间系统。现在中国各地采用的时间是东八区的区时,与UTC数字上相差八小时(例如东八区9:00相当于 UTC 1:00 ),一般以UTC+8表示,也称为北京时间或中国标准时。现在的农历就是以UTC+8为时间基础。</p>

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