Gh-434: Document extending gaffer (#435)

* initial info to extending gaffer page

* add docs on custom operations and generators

* add extending gaffer section

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: cn337131 <141730190+cn337131@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: GCHQDeveloper314 <94527357+GCHQDeveloper314@users.noreply.github.com>

* address comments

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: cn337131 <141730190+cn337131@users.noreply.github.com>

* address comments

* Update docs/development-guide/extending-gaffer.md

Co-authored-by: GCHQDeveloper314 <94527357+GCHQDeveloper314@users.noreply.github.com>

---------

Co-authored-by: cn337131 <141730190+cn337131@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: GCHQDeveloper314 <94527357+GCHQDeveloper314@users.noreply.github.com>

docs/development-guide/extending-gaffer.md

@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+# Extending Gaffer
+
+Extending Gaffer can mean a few things to a developer, this guide aims to cover
+general use cases for how and why you may want to extend the capabilities or add
+customisation to Gaffer.
+
+## Writing Custom Classes
+
+As Gaffer is Java based to create and load additional libraries you will first
+need to write custom classes. Gaffer has many places where custom classes
+can be used, such as custom operations, aggregation functions, element
+generators etc.
+
+Depending on what type of class you are writing, e.g. an `Operation`, you may
+need to extend or implement one of the interface classes already in Gaffer.
+Assuming you are using Maven for package management you can add Gaffer as
+a dependency to gain access to its classes like below:
+
+```xml
+<dependency>
+    <groupId>uk.gov.gchq.gaffer</groupId>
+    <artifactId>${gaffer.component}</artifactId>
+    <version>${gaffer.version}</version>
+</dependency>
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    See the [components breakdown](./project-structure/components/components.md)
+    for a list of key Gaffer modules.
+
+### Writing an Operation
+
+In Gaffer we use the term [Operation](./project-structure/components/operation.md)
+to describe some component of a query affecting a graph, these are
+chained together in `OperationChains` and this is how we execute
+queries to our graphs. Whilst there are a wealth of existing
+operations and their associated handlers provided out of the box with
+Gaffer. In this section we'll talk about how you might go about adding a new
+operation/handler with some simple examples.
+
+#### The Operation Interface
+
+All Operations must adhere to and implement the [`Operation`](https://gchq.github.io/Gaffer/uk/gov/gchq/gaffer/operation/Operation.html)
+interface, this interface describes the building blocks of an operation.
+
+One important distinction here is that an implementation of `Operation` should not
+contain the actual logic for an `Operation`, think of these as a task definition
+or an instruction manual for what an `Operation` should do. This then goes hand in
+hand with our `OperationHandler`(s) which define the actual functionality,
+either generically or split into multiple handlers for different stores.
+
+#### Selecting an Interface
+
+In general, most `Operation` implementations don't actually directly implement the
+`Operation` Interface, they actually implement one or more extended interfaces.
+For example the `Input` and `Output` interfaces extend on top of the core `Operation`
+interface and concordantly the `InputOutput` interface is a combination of these.
+These all live inside the Gaffer Core library under the `Operation` subdirectory
+(see the [component breakdown](./project-structure/components/operation.md) for
+more details).
+
+#### Implementing an Interface
+
+The example we'll use here is the
+[`ToSet`](https://gchq.github.io/Gaffer/uk/gov/gchq/gaffer/operation/impl/output/ToSet.html)
+Operation, this takes an `Iterable` of `Elements` and converts it into a
+`Set`, a handy way to remove duplicate `Elements` if you're doing multiple hops
+and end up getting duplicates back.
+
+Taking a look at the [Javadoc](https://gchq.github.io/Gaffer/uk/gov/gchq/gaffer/operation/impl/output/ToSet.html)
+for this class you should be able to see this class implements both
+`InputOutput`, with an input type of `Iterable<? extends T>` and an output type
+of `Set<? extends T>` and `MultiInput<T>`. Within the class it also implements
+all the requisite methods eg, `shallowClone()`, `setInput()`, `getOptions()`
+etc.
+
+#### How to Write the Handler
+
+Using the same `ToSet` Operation from before, now that we have this definition
+of an operation, we need to actually tell Gaffer how to do it. We do this by
+defining either a single generic `Handler` and linking it to the Operation or in
+many cases, we might want different implementations based on the store being used
+so we'd write a number of operation handlers and decide which one is needed at
+runtime.
+
+Here is the [`ToSetHandler`](https://gchq.github.io/Gaffer/uk/gov/gchq/gaffer/store/operation/handler/output/ToSetHandler.html)
+which implements the appropriate `Handler` interface (in this case the
+`OutputOperationHandler`). It takes in the `ToSet` Operation that has been built
+with all the options etc. defined and then does the actual `doOperation()` logic to
+stream our Iterable's contents into a `LinkedHashSet`. This and most other
+handlers live inside the [Store library](./project-structure/components/store.md).
+
+#### How does Gaffer know which Handler to use?
+
+Handlers are registered in the `Store` class via the `addOpHandlers()` method,
+specifically for our example  `addOperationHandler(ToSet.class, new
+ToSetHandler<>())` is called to register it. Once this is done we can then
+use our `Operation` and its `Handler` in a user defined `OperationChain` to effect
+some query on our graph data.
+
+You can alternatively use the an operations declarations config file (typically
+called `operationsDeclarations.json`) which can be used to define the
+`Operation` and its Handler like below:
+
+```json
+{
+    "operations": [
+        {
+            "operation": "uk.gov.gchq.gaffer.operation.impl.output.ToSet",
+            "handler": {
+                "class": "uk.gov.gchq.gaffer.store.operation.handler.output.ToSetHandler"
+            }
+        }
+    ]
+}
+```
+
+### Writing an Element/Object Generator
+
+There are two types of generators used, one to transform a domain object into a
+Gaffer `Element` and one to transform the other way. These generators are the
+`ElementGenerator` and `ObjectGenerator`.
+
+Living within the Core/Data section of the repository these generator interfaces
+are quite simple and as with `Operation` are extended by other interfaces to
+provide a more nuanced set of interfaces you could choose to use over the core
+Element/Object generator interfaces.
+
+As an example we will walk through the one of the existing generators that can
+take a Neo4j CSV file and convert the entries to Gaffer `Elements`.
+
+```java
+/**
+ * An {@link OpenCypherCsvElementGenerator}s that will generate
+ * Gaffer Elements from Neo4j CSV strings.
+ */
+@Since("2.0.0")
+@Summary("Generates elements from a Neo4j CSV")
+public class Neo4jCsvElementGenerator extends OpenCypherCsvElementGenerator {
+    @Override
+    protected LinkedHashMap<String, String> getFields() {
+        return new Neo4jCsvGenerator().getFields();
+    }
+}
+```
+
+This class may appear very simple but the real functionality for this generator
+is in the `OpenCypherCsvElementGenerator` that it extends. This generator is an
+abstract class that implements the `ElementGenerator` interface and has a lot of
+functionality for handling Open Cypher CSVs.
+
+You can view the [full class in the repository](https://github.com/gchq/Gaffer/blob/develop/core/data/src/main/java/uk/gov/gchq/gaffer/data/generator/OpenCypherCsvElementGenerator.java)
+which has the logic for converting the CSV format but the key bit to take note
+of is the `apply(final Iterable<? extends String> strings)` method. This method
+is the main override which will be passed the lines of a CSV file to convert and
+return a `Iterable<? extends Element>` e.g. a list of `Elements`.
+
+This pattern is repeated across many of the different generators and can be used
+as inspiration for your custom generator. As with the Operations so long as
+you're implementing the appropriate interfaces it's hard to go far wrong.
+
+### Writing an Aggregation Function
+
+We can provide a custom aggregation function in a number of ways, most of the
+aggregation functionality is provided by the [Koryphe library](https://github.com/gchq/koryphe)
+sat adjacent to Gaffer. If we want to provide a new "generic" aggregator we
+would add it in this Koryphe library. For example lets take a look at the very
+simple `Max` comparator, this takes a pair of Java 8 `Comparables` and finds the
+highest value one, this function is applied as an aggregation.
+
+```java
+@Since("1.0.0")
+@Summary("Calculates the max value")
+public class Max extends KorypheBinaryOperator<Comparable> {
+    @Override
+    protected Comparable _apply(final Comparable a, final Comparable b) {
+        return a.compareTo(b) >= 0 ? a : b;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+If we want to add something very specific to a store type or some other
+restriction we can add this into the appropriate Store location within Gaffer.
+An example of this is the `HyperLogLogPlusAggregator` in the Sketches library,
+this merges HLLPs together.
+
+```java
+@Since("1.0.0")
+@Summary("Aggregates HyperLogLogPlus objects")
+@Deprecated
+public class HyperLogLogPlusAggregator extends KorypheBinaryOperator<HyperLogLogPlus> {
+    @Override
+    protected HyperLogLogPlus _apply(final HyperLogLogPlus a, final HyperLogLogPlus b) {
+        try {
+            a.addAll(b);
+        } catch (final CardinalityMergeException exception) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("An Exception occurred when trying to aggregate the HyperLogLogPlus objects", exception);
+        }
+        return a;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+You can also add aggregators by loading a JAR into Accumulo and
+accessing it on the classpath, this is more something an administrator
+customising their usage of the platform might do rather than a developer. For
+development purposes it's usually good to check if you can make use of an
+existing function in Koryphe first, if not then you can then write your own to
+be loaded into the classpath. As long as the new function extends a
+`KorypheBinaryOperator<T>` then it can be used as an aggregation function for
+Gaffer.
+
+## Loading Custom Libraries
+
+Once you have written your custom classes to make them available the simplest way is to
+compile to a JAR and load on the Java class path at runtime.
+
+If you are using the container images this is as simple as adding your JAR(s) to
+a directory in the image, this is explained in detail in the [deployment guide](../administration-guide/gaffer-deployment/gaffer-docker/gaffer-images.md#adding-additional-libraries).

mkdocs.yml

@@ -98,11 +98,6 @@ nav:
       - 'Graph Schemas': 'user-guide/schema.md'
     - Developer Guide:
       - 'Introduction': 'development-guide/introduction.md'
-      - 'Example Deployment':
-        - 'Project Setup': 'development-guide/example-deployment/project-setup.md'
-        - 'Writing the Schema': 'development-guide/example-deployment/writing-the-schema.md'
-        - 'Running the Deployment': 'development-guide/example-deployment/running-the-deployment.md'
-        - 'Using the API': 'development-guide/example-deployment/using-the-api.md'
       - 'Ways of Working': 'development-guide/ways-of-working.md'
       - 'Remote Coding Environments': 'development-guide/remote-coding-environments.md'
       - 'Extending Gaffer': 'development-guide/extending-gaffer.md'
@@ -128,6 +123,11 @@ nav:
             - development-guide/project-structure/components/libraries/time.md
         - Maven Dependencies:
           - 'Spring': 'development-guide/project-structure/maven-dependencies/spring.md'
+      - Example Deployment:
+        - 'Project Setup': 'development-guide/example-deployment/project-setup.md'
+        - 'Writing the Schema': 'development-guide/example-deployment/writing-the-schema.md'
+        - 'Running the Deployment': 'development-guide/example-deployment/running-the-deployment.md'
+        - 'Using the API': 'development-guide/example-deployment/using-the-api.md'
     - Administration Guide:
       - 'Introduction': 'administration-guide/introduction.md'
       - 'Quickstart': 'administration-guide/gaffer-deployment/quickstart.md'