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commands.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/xml; charset=utf-8"/>
<title>Appendix: Commands</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/book.css" type="text/css"/>
</head>
<body>
<h2>
Appendix: Commands
</h2>
<p>
This is a list of all commands mentioned in this book and how to find them on-line. All referenced utilities are
open-source.
</p>
<dl>
<dt id="cmd_aspell">
Aspell
</dt>
<dd>
A replacement of <a class="cmd" href="#cmd_ispell">ispell</a> with greater word-suggestion power and support for
non-<a href="glossary.xml#ascii" class="term">ASCII</a> input. Available at <a class="external"
href="http://aspell.net/">aspell.net</a> under the <a class="term" href="glossary.xml#gpl">GPL</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_cat">
Cat
</dt>
<dd>
Output a file directly to the <a class="term" href="glossary.xml#terminal">terminal</a>. This utility is
standardised by <a class="term" href="glossary.xml#posix">POSIX</a>.1-2008.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_col">
Col
</dt>
<dd>
Filters line-feeds, usually used to strip backspaces from encoded documents. Originally in Version 6 AT&T
UNIX, standardised in <a class="term" href="glossary.xml#posix">POSIX</a>.1-2008.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_cvs">
Cvs
</dt>
<dd>
A revision management system (the concurrent version system). Originally a client-server extension to prior
revision systems. Non-standard. Available under the <a class="term" href="glossary.xml#gpl">GPL</a> at <a
class="external" href="https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/cvs">savannah.nongnu.org/projects/cvs</a> or
the <a class="term" href="glossary.xml#isc_license">ISC license</a> at <a class="external"
href="http://www.opencvs.org/">www.opencvs.org</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_echo">
Echo
</dt>
<dd>
Echo input arguments back to the <a class="term" href="glossary.xml#terminal">terminal</a>. This utility is
standardised by <a class="term" href="glossary.xml#posix">POSIX</a>.1-2008.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_demandoc">
Demandoc
</dt>
<dd>
Remove all <span class="lang">mdoc</span> (and other UNIX manual format) control statements from a file by
formally parsing input (via <a class="cmd" href="#cmd_mandoc">mandoc</a>). Built to replace <a class="cmd"
href="#cmd_deroff">deroff</a> for <span class="lang">mdoc</span> UNIX manuals. Non-standard. Available
under the <a class="term" href="glossary.xml#isc_license">ISC license</a> at <a class="external"
href="http://mdocml.bsd.lv">mdocml.bsd.lv</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_deroff">
Deroff
</dt>
<dd>
Remove [most] <span class="lang">roff</span> control statements from a file. This utility uses heuristics
instead of properly parsing its input. Originally in Version 7 AT&T UNIX (if not before?) and used heavily
by the <a class="term" href="glossary.xml#wwb">Writer's Workbench</a>. Non-standard. Available under the Lucent
Public License at <a class="external"
href="http://heirloom.sf.net/tools.html">heirloom.sf.net/tools.html</a> and under the
<a class="term" href="glossary.xml#gpl">GPL</a> at <a class="external"
href="http://marmaro.de/prog/deroff/">marmaro.de/prog/deroff</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_diction">
Diction
</dt>
<dd>
Checks the diction of a (German or English) document. Originally in the Version 6 AT&T UNIX <a class="term"
href="glossary.xml#wwb">Writer's Workbench</a>. Non-standard. A <a class="term" href="glossary.xml#gpl">GPL</a>
version is available at <a class="external" href="https://www.gnu.org/s/diction/">www.gnu.org/s/diction</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_ditroff">
Ditroff
</dt>
<dd>
A historical utility merging the code-bases of the original <a class="cmd" href="#cmd_nroff">nroff</a> and <a
class="cmd" href="#cmd_troff">troff</a> into a device-independent utility. All modern <a class="cmd"
href="#cmd_nroff">nroff</a> and <a class="cmd" href="#cmd_troff">troff</a> utilities are implemented by a
<span class="cmd">ditroff</span> implementation such as <a href="#cmd_groff" class="cmd">groff</a>. A version
of the pre-<a href="#cmd_groff" class="cmd">groff</a> utility is available under the Lucent Public License at <a
class="external"
href="http://heirloom.sf.net/doctools.html">heirloom.sf.net/doctools.html</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_dump">
Dump
</dt>
<dd>
Backup a file-system. This utility isn't standardised, but appears on most modern <a class="term"
href="glossary.xml#unix">UNIX</a> implementations regardless. Dumped file-systems may be restored with
the dual <a class="cmd" href="#cmd_restore">restore</a> utility.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_ed">
Ed
</dt>
<dd>
Edit a file line by line on a <a class="term" href="glossary.xml#terminal">terminal</a>. This utility is
standardised by <a class="term" href="glossary.xml#posix">POSIX</a>.1-2008. It is the first editor to be
bundled with UNIX, extending to Version 1 AT&T <a class="term" href="glossary.xml#unix">UNIX</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_ex">
Ex
</dt>
<dd>
Extends <a href="#cmd_ed" class="cmd">ed</a> to operate in visual (screen) mode. This utility is standardised
by <a class="term" href="glossary.xml#posix">POSIX</a>.1-2008. It first appeared in Version 8 AT&T <a
class="term" href="glossary.xml#unix">UNIX</a>, and is usually invoked as a special mode of <a
class="cmd" href="#cmd_vi">vi</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_fsck">
Fsck
</dt>
<dd>
A file-system checker. Although not standardised, this utility is present on most <a class="term"
href="glossary.xml#unix">UNIX</a> systems.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_groff">
Groff
</dt>
<dd>
The <a href="glossary.xml#gnu" class="term">GNU</a> re-implementation of <a class="cmd"
href="#cmd_ditroff">ditroff</a>, thus providing <a class="cmd" href="#cmd_troff">troff</a> and <a
class="cmd" href="#cmd_nroff">nroff</a> utilities. Non-standard. Available under the <a class="term"
href="glossary.xml#gpl">GPL</a> at <a class="external"
href="https://www.gnu.org/s/groff/">www.gnu.org/s/groff</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_ispell">
Ispell
</dt>
<dd>
A re-write of <a class="cmd" href="#cmd_spell">spell</a> for international dictionaries. Non-standard.
Available at <a class="external"
href="http://lasr.cs.ucla.edu/geoff/ispell.html">lasr.cs.ucla.edu/geoff/ispell.html</a> under its own
license.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_ls">
Ls
</dt>
<dd>
List the contents of a file-system directory. This utility is standardised by <a class="term"
href="glossary.xml#posix">POSIX</a>.1-2008.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_make">
Make
</dt>
<dd>
A build system that uses a graph of dependencies (by a file's last modified date) to determine when a target
needs to be rebuilt. This utility is standardised by <a class="term" href="glossary.xml#posix">POSIX</a>.1-2008
and was first released in Version 7 AT&T <a href="glossary.xml#unix" class="term">UNIX</a>. It has two
somewhat incompatible implementations, as the standardised syntax is fairly limited: under the <a class="term"
href="glossary.xml#gpl">GPL</a> at <a class="external"
href="https://www.gnu.org/software/make/">www.gnu.org/software/make</a>, referred to as <a class="term"
href="glossary.xml#gnu">GNU</a> make; or distributed with <a class="term"
href="glossary.xml#bsd_unix">BSD UNIX</a> systems as BSD make.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_man">
Man
</dt>
<dd>
A <a class="term" href="glossary.xml#posix">POSIX</a>.1-2008 standardised utility for viewing UNIX manpages.
The standard document only specifies that it accepts a name and returns output: no more. <span
class="cmd">man</span> usually looks up the manual to display in a set of directories reserved for
manuals, then either pages pre-formatted manuals to the screen (<a href="glossary.xml#cat_pages"
class="term">cat pages</a>) or formats it on the spot with <a class="term" href="#cmd_nroff">nroff</a>
or <a class="term" href="#cmd_mandoc">mandoc</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_mandoc">
Mandoc
</dt>
<dd>
A specialised formatter for UNIX manuals designed to replace <a class="cmd" href="#cmd_groff">groff</a> for UNIX
manual input. Non-standard. <a class="term" href="glossary.xml#isc_license">ISC licensed</a>. Available at <a
class="external" href="http://mdocml.bsd.lv">mdocml.bsd.lv</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_nroff">
Nroff
</dt>
<dd>
A re-write of the original formatter for the <span class="lang">roff</span> language (the name deriving from new
roff). Built to accomodate for <a class="term" href="glossary.xml#terminal">terminals</a>. Modern uses of this
utility are actually through a re-write, <a class="cmd" href="#cmd_ditroff">ditroff</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_restore">
Restore
</dt>
<dd>
The dual to <a class="cmd" href="#cmd_dump">dump</a>: restores a dumped file-system. This utility is not
standardised, but found on most <a class="term" href="glossary.xml#unix">UNIX</a> operating systems anyway.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_sccs">
Sccs
</dt>
<dd>
Historically the dominant revision control system for <a class="term" href="glossary.xml#unix">UNIX</a> systems,
and standardised by <a class="term" href="glossary.xml#posix">POSIX</a>.1-2008. Despite being standardised, few
UNIX systems include this utility. It has largely been replaced by <a href="#cmd_cvs" class="cmd">cvs</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_spell">
Spell
</dt>
<dd>
The original (English-only) UNIX spell-checker distributed with Version 6 AT&T UNIX. Non-standard. <a
class="term" href="glossary.xml#bsd_license">BSD licensed</a> and available at <a class="external"
href="https://code.google.com/p/unix-spell/">code.google.com/p/unix-spell</a>. Also may be emulated by
<a class="cmd" href="#cmd_ispell">ispell</a> and <a class="cmd" href="#cmd_aspell">aspell</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_tail">
Tail
</dt>
<dd>
A standard <a class="term" href="glossary.xml#posix">POSIX</a>.1-2008 utility for outputting parts of a file.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_troff">
Troff
</dt>
<dd>
Traditional name of a formatter for the <span class="lang">roff</span> langage. First released in Version 6
AT&T UNIX as a printer and graphical-device version of <a class="cmd" href="#cmd_nroff">nroff</a> (the name
deriving from typesetter roff). Modern uses of this utility are actually through a re-write, <a class="cmd"
href="#cmd_ditroff">ditroff</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_vi">
Vi
</dt>
<dd>
Extends <a href="#cmd_ed" class="cmd">ed</a> to operate in fully visual (screen) mode, extending <a
href="#cmd_ex" class="cmd">ex</a> in its display handling capability. This utility is standardised by
<a class="term" href="glossary.xml#posix">POSIX</a>.1-2008. It first appeared in Version 8 AT&T <a
class="term" href="glossary.xml#unix">UNIX</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="cmd_vim">
Vim
</dt>
<dd>
A popular implementation of the <a class="cmd" href="#cmd_vi">vi</a> editor. It is distributed under a custom
<a href="glossary.xml#gpl" class="term">GPL</a>-like license at <a class="external"
href="http://www.vim.org/">www.vim.org</a>.
</dd>
</dl>
<table class="nav">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="nav-contents"><a href="toc.xml">Contents</a></td>
<td class="nav-next" style="color: #dddddd;">Next</td>
<td class="nav-home"><a href="http://manpages.bsd.lv/index.html">Home</a></td>
<td class="nav-history"><a href="http://manpages.bsd.lv/cgi-bin/cvsweb/commands.xml?cvsroot=manpages">History</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="edits">
Last edited by $Author$ on $Date$. Copyright © 2011, Kristaps Dzonsons. CC BY-SA.
</p>
</body>
</html>