-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
tech.html
191 lines (146 loc) · 9.89 KB
/
tech.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--[if lt IE 7]> <html class="no-js lt-ie9 lt-ie8 lt-ie7" lang="en"> <![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 7]> <html class="no-js lt-ie9 lt-ie8" lang="en"> <![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 8]> <html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en"> <![endif]-->
<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en"> <!--<![endif]-->
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<!-- Remove this line if you use the .htaccess -->
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
<meta name="description" content="Designa Studio, a HTML5 / CSS3 template.">
<meta name="author" content="Sylvain Lafitte, Web Designer, sylvainlafitte.com">
<title>Technology // PlasMachine</title>
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="favicon.ico">
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="favicon.png">
<link href='http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400italic,400,700' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/style.css">
<!--[if lt IE 9]>
<script src="http://html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"></script>
<![endif]-->
</head>
<body>
<!-- Prompt IE 7 users to install Chrome Frame -->
<!--[if lt IE 8]><p class=chromeframe>Your browser is <em>ancient!</em> <a href="http://browsehappy.com/">Upgrade to a different browser</a> or <a href="http://www.google.com/chromeframe/?redirect=true">install Google Chrome Frame</a> to experience this site.</p><![endif]-->
<div class="container">
<header id="navtop">
<a href="index.html" class="logo fleft">
<img src="img/logo.png" alt="PlasMachine">
</a>
<nav class="fright">
<ul>
<li><a href="news.html">News and Updates</a></li>
<li><a href="team.html">The Team</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="tech.html" class="navactive">The Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="challenge.html">The Challenge</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="contact.html">Contact</a></li>
<li><a href="pub.html">Publicity</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</header>
<div class="services-page main grid-wrap">
<header class="grid col-full">
<hr>
<p class="fleft"><font size="20"> <b> Technology</b></font></p>
</header>
<aside class="grid col-one-quarter mq2-col-full">
<p class="mbottom">Our goal is to create a sustainable disinfectant made from electricty and air.</p>
</aside>
<section class="grid col-three-quarters mq2-col-full">
<div class="grid-wrap">
<article id="navtabs" class="grid col-full">
<h2>What can we do with Plasma?</h2>
<div class="">
<ul class="tabs clearfix">
<li><a href="#tab1">The Science</a></li>
<li><a href="#tab2">Design Goals</a></li>
<li><a href="#tab3">Disinfection</a></li>
<li><a href="#tab4">Plasma on Surfaces</a></li>
<li><a href="#tab5">Activated Water</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="tab_container">
<article id="tab1" class="tab_content">
<p>Our previous research has focused primarily on developing plasma photochemical devices and techniques within a lab setting. We have previously measured the chemistry and antimicrobial effects both on solid surfaces and in liquid volumes using a similar device specially fabricated in a machine shop and running off an expensive, bulky power supply that requires AC line input.</p>
<p>We aim to produce a new version of the device that can be made cheaply and is entirely "self-contained". To accomplish this, we will need to re-design the device and its power supply. Then, we will need to measure its chemical and antimicrobial effects to make sure the technology is similarly effective in the "field" as in the lab. In addition, our research so far has focused on small scale disinfection.</p>
<p> Plasma is commonly known as the fourth state of matter. This state occurs when gas molecules are given enough energy to break apart into smaller particles that may be positively or negatively charged. These particles often recombine to form new molecules that were not present
before. Our plasma devices have two modes, "high power" (>0.25 W/cm<sup>2</sup>) and "low power" (<0.15W/cm<sup>2</sup>), that produce different chemicals. High
power mode favors production of nitrogen oxides, while low power mode favors production of ozone.<br>
<img src="img/plasma.png" alt="hand" align="absmiddle">
</article>
<article id="tab2" class="tab_content">
<p>The first step will be to design and fabricate a prototype device and power supply. The power supply will operate on a source of power that is both portable and relatively renewable, ideally solar power. To provide expertise in solar power, we will collaborate with <a href="http://wecaresolar.org/">WE CARE Solar</a> to leverage their existing "Solar Suitcase" technology for use with our system. Next, we will develop prototype designs for the combined plasma/UV device and fabricate them. Our goal is to develop each prototype device for less than $100 with the understanding that production costs are likely to drop if our device enters mass production. We anticipate completing the power supply and device re-design by the end of August 2013.</p>
<p>Once the first goal is accomplished, we will conduct water disinfection experiments using non-pathogenic E. coli as a model organism. Both the aqueous-phase chemistry and the antimicrobial effect will be measured, and we will compare these results to our lab-scale system. Because we have already developed these assays, we expect this to be the more straightforward part of the commitment, and we anticipate completing these experiments by the end of December 2013.</p>
</article>
<article id="tab3" class="tab_content">
<p>We measure disinfection by calculating the log reduction in bacteria. This is calculated using the
following expression:
<table><tr><td>
<div style="float:left;"> log<sub>10</sub> </div></td>
<td> <div style="float:left">
<div style="border-bottom:1px solid;font-size:small;text-align:center;">N<sub>0</sub></div>
<div style="font-size:small;text-align:center;">N</div>
</div></td>
</tr>
</table>
Where N<sub>0</sub> is the number of colonies in an untreated sample, and N is the number of colonies in a treated sample. This gets shortened to "logs". 1-log means that 90% of the sample (e.g. bacteria) was inactivated. 2-log corresponds to 99%, 3-log to 99.9% and so on. <br>
If hand sanitizer kills 99.9% of bacteria, that is a 3 log reduction!
<img src="img/hand.png" alt="hand" align="absmiddle">
</p>
</article>
<article id="tab4" class="tab_content">
<p>Experiments have been performed showing that stainless steel experiences at least a 5-log reduction of <i>E. coli</i> bacteria after 5 minutes of plasma treatment in high power mode. A 5-log reduction in bacteria is 100 times more effective than a 3-log reduction (e.g. hand sanitizer). Direct treatment involved having the plasma touch the steel. Indirect treatment simply allowed the chemicals produced by the plasma to interact with the steel. <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppap.201200073/full">Reference</a> <br><img src="img/chart1.png" alt="hand" align="absmiddle"> </p>
</article>
<article id="tab5" class="tab_content">
<p>Experiments have shown that treatment in both high and low power mode inactivate bacteria present in water. Low power mode achieves at least a 5-log reduction in bacteria after two minutes of plasma treatment. <a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/0022-3727/46/14/145202">Reference</a></p>
<p> High power mode is only effective under longer treatment times. One benefit of plasma activated water (PAW) generated in high power mode, is that it remains antimicrobial for days after treatment. After being plasma treated for 20 minutes, the PAW was allowed to "age" for varying amounts of time before bacteria was introduced. Even after 4 days, the PAW was able to achieve more than a 3-log reduction in bacteria. <a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/0022-3727/44/47/472001">Reference</a></p>
<br><img src="img/chart2.png" alt="hand" align="absmiddle">
<img src="img/chart3.png" alt="hand" align="absmiddle">
</article>
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div> <!-- 100%articles-->
</section>
</div> <!--main-->
<div class="divide-top">
<footer class="grid-wrap">
<ul class="grid col-one-third social">
<li><a href="#">RSS</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.facebook.com/plasmadisinfection">Facebook</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Twitter</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Google+</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Flickr</a></li>
</ul>
<nav class="grid col-one-third ">
<ul>
<li><a href="index.html">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="team.html">Team</a></li>
<li><a href="tech.html">Tech</a></li>
<li><a href="challenge.html">Challenge</a></li>
<li><a href="contact.html">Contact</a></li>
<li><a href="pub.html">Publicity</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</footer>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Javascript - jQuery -->
<script src="http://code.jquery.com/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script>window.jQuery || document.write('<script src="js/jquery-1.7.2.min.js"><\/script>')</script>
<!--[if (gte IE 6)&(lte IE 8)]>
<script src="js/selectivizr.js"></script>
<![endif]-->
<script src="js/scripts.js"></script>
<!-- Asynchronous Google Analytics snippet. Change UA-XXXXX-X to be your site's ID. -->
<script>
var _gaq=[['_setAccount','UA-XXXXX-X'],['_trackPageview']];
(function(d,t){var g=d.createElement(t),s=d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0];
g.src=('https:'==location.protocol?'//ssl':'//www')+'.google-analytics.com/ga.js';
s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s)}(document,'script'));
</script>
</body>
</html>